The debate surrounding the potential renaming of a prominent Arizona landmark, currently known as Squaw Peak, to Piestewa Peak, reached a critical juncture in early 2008. This article delves into the history, context, and diverse perspectives surrounding this contentious issue, which ignited passionate debate and sparked a significant political storm in the state. At the heart of the discussion lies the legacy of Lori Piestewa, a fallen soldier whose sacrifice and heritage have become central to the argument for renaming the peak in her honor. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names, the federal body responsible for standardizing place names, was poised to make a decision that would resonate deeply within the Arizona community and beyond.
The Significance of Squaw Peak
Squaw Peak, a prominent feature of the Phoenix skyline, stands as one of the Valley’s highest summits. Its imposing presence has made it a popular destination for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts, as well as a recognizable symbol of the region. However, the name itself has long been a source of controversy. The term "squaw," considered a derogatory and offensive slur against Native American women, has prompted calls for a name change for decades. For many, the continued use of the name represents a painful reminder of historical injustices and cultural insensitivity.
Lori Piestewa: A Hero’s Legacy
Lori Piestewa, a Hispanic-Hopi mother of two from Tuba City, Arizona, tragically lost her life on March 23, 2003, during an ambush in Iraq. As the first American Indian woman to die in combat while serving in the U.S. military, Piestewa’s sacrifice resonated deeply with many Americans, particularly within the Native American community. Her bravery and dedication to her country inspired a wave of support for honoring her memory in a meaningful way.
The Push for Renaming: A Timeline of Events
The movement to rename Squaw Peak in Piestewa’s honor gained momentum in the wake of her death. Driven by a desire to recognize her service and replace a derogatory name with one of respect and remembrance, advocates began lobbying state and federal authorities.
- 2003: State-Level Approval: Then-Governor Janet Napolitano and other prominent figures successfully persuaded the Arizona State Board on Geographic and Historic Names to waive its own five-year waiting period and adopt the name Piestewa Peak. This decision marked a significant victory for supporters of the name change and signaled a growing recognition of Piestewa’s sacrifice.
- 2003: Federal Application: Simultaneously, a formal request was submitted to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, seeking to officially change the name on federal maps and publications. However, the national board adhered to its established five-year waiting period for posthumous name requests, citing the need to allow emotions to subside and ensure a thorough and considered decision.
- April 10, 2008: The Federal Vote: After the mandatory waiting period, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names scheduled a vote on the proposed name change for April 10, 2008. This vote represented the culmination of years of advocacy and debate, and its outcome would have far-reaching implications for the recognition of Lori Piestewa’s legacy.
Arguments For and Against Renaming Squaw Peak to Piestewa Peak
The debate surrounding the renaming of Squaw Peak was characterized by a wide range of perspectives and deeply held beliefs.
- Arguments in Favor: Proponents of the name change argued that honoring Lori Piestewa with the name Piestewa Peak was a fitting tribute to her sacrifice and a powerful symbol of respect for Native American heritage. They emphasized the derogatory nature of the term "squaw" and the urgent need to replace it with a name that reflects dignity and honor. Furthermore, they believed that renaming the peak would serve as a healing gesture for the Native American community and a testament to the values of inclusivity and remembrance.
- Arguments Against: Opponents of the name change presented a variety of counterarguments. Some argued that the name Squaw Peak had historical significance and should be preserved, regardless of its offensive connotations. Others suggested that the peak should be named in honor of all veterans, rather than singling out one individual. A Prescott resident, Al Bates, even proposed naming the peak after Jack Swilling, considered by some the father of irrigation in Phoenix, arguing that Swilling had a closer tie to the Valley. Concerns about the cost and logistical challenges associated with changing maps and signage were also raised. Larry Wayt, who leads a "Squaw Peak" hiking group, voiced a common sentiment: "It needs to remain Squaw Peak. It’s been Squaw Peak forever."
The Role of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names
The U.S. Board on Geographic Names plays a crucial role in standardizing place names throughout the United States. Its decisions carry significant weight, as they determine the official names used on federal maps, publications, and databases. The board’s members represent various government departments, including Agriculture, Commerce, and Homeland Security, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives in the decision-making process.
Jennifer Runyon, chief researcher for the board, emphasized the seriousness with which the board approaches renaming requests. "Renaming a peak is pretty much a permanent honor, and the idea is to let the emotions die down," she explained. Lou Yost, executive secretary of the board, noted that the Piestewa Peak case was considered a "high-profile" one, reflecting the intense public interest and emotional investment surrounding the issue.
The Broader Context: Native American Concerns and Historical Sensitivity
The debate over renaming Squaw Peak to Piestewa Peak was inextricably linked to broader concerns about Native American rights and historical sensitivity. For many years, Native American tribes had been actively campaigning against the use of the term "squaw," arguing that it perpetuated harmful stereotypes and contributed to the erasure of Native American culture. The death of Lori Piestewa provided a catalyst for change, offering an opportunity to address this long-standing grievance and create a more inclusive and respectful environment. Ernest Martinez, who helped lead the Piestewa Memorial Committee, highlighted the significance of the potential name change for the Native American community: "The tribes have been fighting the name Squaw Peak for the longest time because the word ‘squaw’ had such negative connotations. It took the death of Lori to succeed for what the tribes have fought for vigorously."
John Lewis, executive director of the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, representing 20 tribes, affirmed his group’s support for the name change, emphasizing that it was "a final step that needs to be taken."
The Aftermath and Lasting Impact
Even if the national board chose to retain the name Squaw Peak, the State of Arizona’s official recognition of Piestewa Peak remained unchanged. Julie Hoff, a reference and map librarian who provides research help for the state board on geographic names, clarified that "Once it’s approved by the state, it’s the official name used in the state." This meant that regardless of the federal decision, Piestewa Peak would continue to be recognized as the official name within Arizona.
Priscilla Piestewa, Lori’s mother, expressed her hope that the name would stand for more than just her daughter: "I just want people to realize it’s not just a place for Lori; it’s for all those who have paid the ultimate sacrifice. Just hearing from other parents who lost someone in the war, they can feel the presence of their kids."
The debate surrounding the renaming of Squaw Peak to Piestewa Peak underscored the complex interplay of history, culture, and memory in shaping public spaces. The discussion highlighted the importance of considering diverse perspectives and engaging in respectful dialogue when addressing sensitive issues. Whether the peak is ultimately known as Squaw Peak or Piestewa Peak on the federal level, the legacy of Lori Piestewa and the ongoing efforts to promote Native American rights and historical sensitivity will continue to resonate within the Arizona community and beyond.
Editor’s Note:
Lori Piestewa was not only the first Native American woman killed in combat, but also the first woman of any race from the U.S. killed in the Iraq War. Easter Sunday that year marked the death of the 4,000th U.S. soldier in the Iraq War.