The Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, known historically as the Spokane Indians, are an Interior Salish people with a rich and enduring connection to the lands surrounding the Spokane River in the Plateau Culture Region. For countless generations, the Spokane people have thrived in what is now northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana, utilizing over three million acres of territory. This vast domain stretched eastward into Idaho, southward to the Columbia River, westward to the Cascade Mountains, and northward into Canada, a testament to their nomadic lifestyle and deep understanding of the land.
Traditional Lands and Way of Life
The Spokane people traditionally lived in three distinct bands: the Upper Spokane, the Middle Spokane, and the Lower Spokane. These bands, though geographically separated, were united by a shared language, culture, and kinship ties. Their lives were intricately interwoven with the natural rhythms of the Spokane River, which served as a vital source of sustenance and a central point for trade and social gatherings. The majestic Spokane Falls, a natural wonder of the region, held particular significance as a gathering place for the Spokane people.
Their traditional territory was a tapestry of diverse ecosystems, ranging from lush river valleys to towering mountain ranges. This allowed them to practice a diverse subsistence strategy. Fishing, particularly for salmon in the Spokane and Columbia Rivers, was a cornerstone of their diet. The annual salmon runs were not only a crucial food source but also a time of celebration and cultural renewal. In addition to fishing, the Spokane people were skilled hunters, pursuing deer, elk, bear, and smaller game animals throughout their territory. They also made seasonal trips east to hunt buffalo, a practice that reflected influences from the Plains Indians.
Gathering plant foods was another essential component of their subsistence. Women played a crucial role in harvesting camas root, huckleberries, chokecherries, wild turnips, carrots, onions, and a variety of medicinal plants. This knowledge of the land and its resources was passed down through generations, ensuring the survival and well-being of the Spokane people.
Their dwellings reflected their nomadic lifestyle and their adaptation to the changing seasons. During the winter months, they resided in permanent villages, typically situated along rivers, especially in areas with abundant fish. These winter homes were elongated and semi-subterranean, providing protection from the harsh weather. In the summer, as they moved to hunt and gather, they constructed temporary camps in mountain valley meadows, using cone-shaped huts covered with mats for shelter.
Cultural Identity and Language
The Spokane people are part of the Interior Salish language family, a branch of the broader Salishan language family. Their traditional language, Sqeliz, meaning "The People," is closely related to Kalispel and Flathead. Today, all Salish languages are considered endangered, with most fluent speakers being elders. Recognizing the importance of preserving their linguistic heritage, the Spokane Tribe has implemented a comprehensive language revitalization program, including immersion programs for children, demonstrating their commitment to cultural continuity.
Historically, the Spokane people were known for their artistry, particularly their copper jewelry. This skill reflects their resourcefulness and their ability to transform raw materials into objects of beauty and cultural significance.
History and Treaties
The arrival of European fur trappers in the early 19th century marked a significant turning point in the history of the Spokane Tribe. Initially, relations were amicable, with intermarriage and the adoption of customs occurring between the Spokane people and the newcomers. However, the introduction of diseases like smallpox, syphilis, and influenza proved devastating, decimating entire villages.
The discovery of gold in the 1850s and 1860s brought an influx of prospectors to the region, leading to conflicts and escalating tensions. The encroachment of homesteaders onto traditional Spokane lands further exacerbated the situation, leading to displacement and the forced relocation of tribal members.
In August 1877, the Lower Spokane agreed to relocate to what would become the Spokane Reservation. This was formalized in January 1881 when President Rutherford B. Hayes officially declared the Spokane Indian Reservation, marking a significant reduction in their territory. In March 1887, the Upper and Middle Spokane agreed to move to the Colville, Flathead, or Coeur d’Alene reservations. This fragmentation scattered the Spokane people, with some finding new homes on the Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation, the Flathead Indian Reservation, and the Colville Indian Reservation, while others remained on the Spokane Indian Reservation.
The Spokane Reservation Today
The Spokane Reservation, located approximately 50 miles northwest of Spokane, Washington, encompasses 159,000 acres. The tribal headquarters are located in Wellpinit, Washington. The Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation operates under a constitution and is governed by the Spokane Tribal Business Council, which consists of two council members and executive officers including a Tribal Chairman, Vice Chairman, and Tribal Secretary.
As of January 2006, tribal membership stood at 2,441 people.
The Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation faces numerous challenges in the 21st century, including economic development, environmental concerns, and the preservation of their cultural heritage. The Spokane Tribal Enterprises, including casinos, a houseboat rental service, gas stations, restaurants, a credit union, a construction company, a laboratory, and a trading post, contribute to the tribal economy. Many tribal members also engage in ranching, raising cattle and horses. The proximity to Spokane, Washington, provides additional employment opportunities.
However, the legacy of uranium mining at the Midnite Mine, which operated from 1956 to 1982, continues to pose environmental challenges. The mine is now a Superfund cleanup site, with contaminants including metals, radionuclides, and acidic drainage affecting the surrounding environment.
The construction of the Grand Coulee Dam in 1939 significantly impacted the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, disrupting salmon migrations and flooding tribal lands and cultural sites. The tribe has long sought compensation for these losses.
Religion and Culture
While Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries had a significant impact on the religious landscape of the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, traditional spiritual beliefs remain an important part of their cultural identity. The spiritual life of the Spokane people is deeply connected to the land and living things. They believe in a Great Spirit and recognize the presence of atmospheric spirits and animal spirits. Firstling rites are celebrated for the first salmon caught and the first fruits and roots harvested.
Notable Spokane People
The Spokane Tribe has produced many notable individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields.
- Chief Spokan Garry: A 19th-century tribal leader and diplomat.
- Charlene Teters: An artist and activist who has been compared to Rosa Parks for her work against Native American stereotypes.
- Sherman Alexie: A renowned author and filmmaker (Spokane-Coeur d’Alene).
- Gloria Bird: A respected poet and scholar.
Modern Day
Today, the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation remains a vibrant and resilient community, dedicated to preserving their cultural heritage, promoting economic development, and protecting their treaty rights. The Spokane Tribal College (STC), accredited under Salish Kootenai College, offers Associate’s Degrees and Certificates of Completion in various fields. The Rawhide Press, a monthly community paper, serves as a vital source of information for tribal members. The tribe’s annual Labor Day Celebration and Pow Wow is a popular event that celebrates Spokane culture and traditions.