Nipo Strongheart, a name resonating with the pioneering spirit of early Hollywood and the rich heritage of the Yakama Nation, stands as a testament to a life lived at the intersection of cultures. Born Nipo Tach Num Strongheart on May 15, 1891, in White Swan, Washington, his journey from a Yakama reservation to the silver screen and beyond is a captivating narrative of talent, dedication, and a profound commitment to preserving and sharing Native American history and culture. He was truly, Nipo Strongheart.
Early Life and the Allure of the Wild West
Nipo Strongheart’s roots were deeply embedded in the Yakama Nation. His parents, George and Leonora (Williams) Mitchell, instilled in him a strong sense of his heritage. His lineage also included a connection to the fur trade through his grandfather, Robert Mitchell, a Canadian factor for the Hudson’s Bay Company. This unique blend of Native American and European influences likely shaped his ability to navigate different worlds with grace and understanding.
The early 20th century was a time of fascination with the American West, and the Wild West shows were a major form of entertainment. In 1902, at the tender age of eleven, Strongheart, alongside his father, joined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. This marked the beginning of his career in performance, showcasing his skills as a trick and fancy horseback rider. The experience provided him with invaluable exposure, allowing him to travel extensively and interact with diverse audiences. Later, he would join Major Lillie’s Pawnee Bill Shows, further expanding his horizons and solidifying his reputation as a skilled performer. These early experiences were crucial in shaping the man that Nipo Strongheart would become.
Transition to Hollywood and a Pioneering Film Career
The burgeoning film industry soon beckoned. In 1912, at the age of 14, Strongheart made his debut in motion pictures. This was a time when Native American representation in film was often stereotypical and inaccurate. Nipo Strongheart, however, aimed to bring authenticity and dignity to his roles. While his early roles may have been limited by the prevailing attitudes of the time, his presence in Hollywood marked a significant step forward for Native American actors.
His film credits include appearances in notable Westerns such as "Broken Lance," "Ten Who Dared," "Westward the Women," and "Across the Wide Missouri," which was his last picture. These films, while not always offering nuanced portrayals of Native Americans, provided Strongheart with a platform to showcase his talent and challenge existing stereotypes. He often played characters that, while still fitting within the Western genre’s framework, possessed a certain nobility and wisdom. He brought a level of authenticity that was rare for the time.
Beyond his acting roles, Strongheart also served as a technical advisor to many Hollywood studios in his later years, after retiring from acting. This role allowed him to contribute to the accuracy and authenticity of Native American portrayals in film, using his knowledge and experience to guide filmmakers and ensure that the culture was represented respectfully. His contributions behind the scenes were just as important as his on-screen performances.
A Scholar and Advocate for Native American Culture
Nipo Strongheart’s influence extended far beyond the realm of entertainment. He was a dedicated scholar and a passionate advocate for Native American culture and history. In 1937, his biography appeared in "History of Hollywood," where he was recognized as Hollywood’s foremost authority on American History and Ethnology. The biography also stated that his mother was the daughter of the great Yakima chieftain, Ta Che Num, further emphasizing his deep connection to his heritage.
He traveled extensively on the Chautauqua and Lyceum circuits, lecturing on Indian life. His lectures were enriched by his personal experiences growing up on the Yakama Reservation and his extensive collection of books, documents, manuscripts, costumes, and artifacts. He saw these lectures as an opportunity to educate the public about the richness and complexity of Native American cultures, dispelling misconceptions and fostering a greater understanding.
His dedication to preserving and sharing Native American culture was unwavering. He meticulously collected artifacts and documents, recognizing their importance in preserving the history and traditions of his people. His collection became a valuable resource for scholars and researchers, and it served as a tangible representation of the cultural heritage he was so passionate about.
Return to the Yakama Nation and Legacy
Despite his success in Hollywood, Nipo Strongheart never forgot his roots. He returned to the Yakama Reservation annually to attend the general council meetings and celebrations. Although there was no written proof of his tribal membership, the tribe granted him honorary membership on July 4, 1950, a testament to their respect and appreciation for his contributions. A duplicate copy of the membership card he proudly carried is now in the tribal enrollment office.
Nipo Strongheart died on December 30, 1966, in Canoga Park, California, where he resided in a home for retired actors. He was buried at the Satus Point Cemetery on the Yakama Reservation near his foster mother, Kate Williams, signifying his final return to the land and people he loved.
His most enduring legacy is his remarkable collection of over 10,000 volumes of books and artifacts, which he bequeathed to the Yakama Nation in his will. Valued at over $200,000 in 1966, he stipulated that the collection be used for "proper display and utilization by the people." This act of generosity ensured that his passion for preserving and sharing Native American culture would continue to benefit future generations.
In April 1970, the Strongheart collection arrived in Toppenish in two vans filled with trunks, some of which had been in storage for over 30 years. Friends recalled that Strongheart had nearly lost the collection during the hard times of the 1930s when he struggled to pay storage fees. This underscores his unwavering commitment to preserving the collection, even in the face of financial hardship.
On June 6, 1980, the Yakama Nation Museum opened its doors on the Cultural Center campus in Toppenish, Washington. This momentous occasion marked the fulfillment of Nipo Strongheart’s dream, providing a dedicated space for the display and utilization of his invaluable collection. The museum stands as a lasting tribute to his vision and dedication, ensuring that his legacy continues to inspire and educate for generations to come.
Nipo Strongheart’s life was a remarkable journey of cultural exchange, artistic expression, and unwavering dedication to his heritage. He was a pioneer in Hollywood, a scholar of Native American culture, and a generous benefactor to the Yakama Nation. His story serves as an inspiration to all who seek to bridge cultures, preserve history, and make a positive impact on the world.