The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation represent a powerful and enduring alliance of distinct Indigenous peoples, united under a single governing body. This federally recognized tribe comprises the Bitterroot Salish, the Pend d’Oreille (also known as the Kalispel), and the Kootenai (also known as the Ktunaxa) tribes, each with its own unique history, language, and cultural traditions. Their collective story is one of resilience, adaptation, and a deep connection to the land they have inhabited for countless generations. The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes stand as a testament to the strength and perseverance of Indigenous cultures in the face of immense historical challenges.
Aboriginal Territory and the Hellgate Treaty:
Prior to European contact, the ancestral lands of these tribes spanned a vast territory exceeding 20 million acres. This expansive domain encompassed western Montana, parts of Idaho, British Columbia, and Wyoming, a landscape characterized by diverse ecosystems ranging from mountainous regions to fertile valleys. The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes thrived in this environment, relying on its rich resources for sustenance and cultural practices.
The year 1855 marked a turning point in their history with the signing of the Hellgate Treaty. This agreement, negotiated under duress and amidst growing pressure from westward expansion, significantly reduced the tribes’ land base, confining them to the Flathead Reservation in western Montana. While the treaty guaranteed certain rights and protections, it also initiated a long period of struggle and adaptation as the tribes navigated the complexities of federal policies and the encroachment of non-Native settlers.
The Name "Flathead": An Etymological Misunderstanding:
The name "Flathead," often associated with the Salish people, is a misnomer stemming from a misunderstanding between different tribal groups. The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes themselves never practiced head flattening, a custom prevalent among some Columbia River tribes. These tribes, who shaped the front of the head to create a pointed appearance, used the term "flatheads" to distinguish their Salish neighbors, highlighting the contrast in physical appearance. The name, though inaccurate, became widely adopted and remains a historical marker, albeit one with complex and sometimes problematic connotations.
Contact Information:
For those seeking further information or wishing to engage with the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, the following contact details are provided:
- Address: 42487 Complex Blvd., PO Box 278, Pablo, Montana 59855
- Phone: (406) 675-2700 Ext. 1228
- Fax: (406) 675-2806
- Email: crystalr@cskt.org
- Official Website: http://www.cskt.org/
Tribal Identity and Recognition:
The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes are a federally recognized tribe, a status that acknowledges their inherent sovereignty and government-to-government relationship with the United States. This recognition affirms their right to self-governance and allows them to access federal programs and resources designed to support tribal communities.
The traditional name of the Salish people is simply "Salish," which translates to "the people." This self-designation reflects a deep sense of collective identity and a shared heritage that transcends individual tribal affiliations.
Geographic Location and Traditional Territory:
Today, the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes are primarily located in the state of Montana, specifically on the Flathead Reservation. However, their traditional territory extended far beyond the reservation boundaries, encompassing a vast area of the northwestern United States and southern British Columbia.
The Salish (Flatheads) initially lived entirely east of the Continental Divide but established their headquarters near the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Occasionally, hunting parties ventured west of the Continental Divide but not west of the Bitterroot Range. The easternmost edge of their ancestral hunting forays were the Gallatin, Crazy Mountain, and Little Belt Ranges. This demonstrates their adaptability and deep knowledge of the land.
Governance and Political Structure:
The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes were pioneers in tribal governance, becoming the first tribe to organize a tribal government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. This act, a landmark piece of legislation, aimed to reverse the detrimental effects of allotment policies and promote tribal self-determination.
The tribe’s governing body is the Tribal Council, comprised of ten members, including the executive officers: Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer. These individuals are elected by the tribal membership and are responsible for overseeing all aspects of tribal government, from economic development to social services.
Population and Enrollment:
As of 2013, the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes had approximately 6,800 enrolled members, with around 4,000 residing on the Flathead Reservation. Tribal enrollment requirements are determined by the Tribal Council and typically involve demonstrating lineal descent from a documented ancestor.
Language and Cultural Preservation:
The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes are actively engaged in preserving their ancestral languages and cultural traditions. The Salish, Pend d’Oreille, and Kootenai languages are all distinct and face the threat of extinction due to historical assimilation policies and the dominance of English. The tribes are implementing various language revitalization programs, including immersion schools, language classes, and cultural workshops, to ensure that future generations can connect with their linguistic heritage.
Education and Media:
Education plays a crucial role in the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes‘ efforts to promote self-sufficiency and cultural preservation. The tribes operate the Salish Kootenai College, a tribal college that provides higher education opportunities to Native American students and offers programs that focus on Indigenous knowledge and cultural studies. The college serves as a vital resource for the community, fostering intellectual growth and cultural pride.
Notable Figures:
The Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes have produced numerous individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields. These include:
- Corwin Clairmont: A renowned artist and educator who has dedicated his career to promoting Native American art and culture.
- Marvin Camel: A professional boxer who achieved international recognition as a WBC & IBF Cruiserweight Champion.
- Debra Magpie Earling: An acclaimed author whose works explore the complexities of Native American identity and experience.
- D’Arcy McNickle: A noted writer, Native American activist, and anthropologist who played a pivotal role in advocating for tribal rights.
- Jaune Quick-to-See Smith: A highly influential artist whose work addresses issues of colonialism, cultural appropriation, and environmentalism.
Economy and Modern Life:
Today, the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes are actively engaged in economic development, seeking to create sustainable livelihoods for their members and strengthen their self-sufficiency. Their economic activities include natural resource management, tourism, gaming, and various business ventures.
The tribes are also committed to providing essential services to their members, including healthcare, education, housing, and social services. They are working to address the challenges facing their community, such as poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse, and to create a brighter future for future generations.
A Legacy of Resilience:
The story of the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation is a testament to the enduring strength and resilience of Indigenous peoples. Despite facing immense challenges throughout history, they have persevered, maintaining their cultural identity and fighting for their rights. The tribes continue to work towards self-determination, economic prosperity, and the preservation of their rich cultural heritage for generations to come. Their story serves as an inspiration and a reminder of the importance of respecting and honoring the rights and cultures of all Indigenous peoples.