The Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana represents a significant chapter in the history and ongoing narrative of the Blackfoot Confederacy. This article delves into the identity, history, culture, and contemporary status of this federally recognized tribe, primarily located in the state of Montana, USA.
Identity and Nomenclature
The terms "Blackfeet" and "Blackfoot" are often used interchangeably, referring to the same Indigenous people. However, a crucial distinction exists due to the international border between the United States and Canada. The Blackfoot Nation, historically a cohesive group, was divided when the U.S. – Canadian border was established. Those residing on the Canadian side retained their traditional branch names (Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani). Conversely, those south of the border, regardless of their original branch affiliation, were grouped together and designated as the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana.
A historical point of contention lies in the spelling of the tribe’s name. The U.S. Government misspelled "Blackfoot" as "Blackfeet," a discrepancy that continues to be a sensitive issue for many tribal members.
Traditional Names and Their Meanings
The Blackfoot people, as a whole, identify as Niitsítapi, meaning "we are the Original People." The name "Siksika," from which "Blackfoot" is derived, translates to "black feet." The origin of this name is debated, with the most common explanation attributing it to the discoloration of moccasins from prairie fire ashes. Another theory suggests a connection to the black-painted moccasins worn by a specific gens (clan) within the Blackfoot Nation. Siksika is also the name used by the Northern Blackfoot in Canada.
The Kainai, often referred to as the "Bloods" by English speakers, were known as Aapátohsipikáni. The term "Blood" originated from the Cree reference to the Kainai as mihkiwi novak, meaning "red people," due to their practice of using ochre on their clothing. The name "Kainai" itself is said to derive from Akainai, meaning "many chiefs."
The Pikuni, also spelled Piikani, are the southernmost division of the Blackfoot. "Piegan" is an anglicized version of "Pikani," believed to be derived from the Cree word Apikuni, meaning "scabby hides," possibly referring to the poorly dressed robes of women in the community. The Canadian spelling is "Peigan" and the American spelling is "Piegan." They call themselves Aamsskáápipikani.
History and Traditional Territory
Anthropological evidence suggests that the Niitsítapi did not originate in the Great Plains. Instead, they migrated from the northeastern part of North America, coalescing as a distinct group in the forests of what is now the northeastern United States and the border region between Canada and Maine.
Around 1200 AD, the Niitsítapi began moving westward, seeking more land. They settled north of the Great Lakes for a time but faced competition for resources with existing tribes, prompting them to continue their westward journey.
Historically, the Blackfoot controlled a vast territory stretching from the North Saskatchewan River in Canada to the southern headwaters of the Missouri River in Montana, and from approximately the 105th meridian to the base of the Rocky Mountains. This territory encompassed what is now Glacier National Park.
The border between the U.S. and Canada held a unique significance for the Blackfoot, referred to as the "medicine line." This was because law enforcement on both sides would typically cease pursuing individuals who crossed the border, creating a safe haven for those evading capture.
Treaties and Reservations
The Blackfeet’s formal interactions with the U.S. Government began with the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, also known as the Peace of the Plains Treaty. Although the Blackfeet did not participate in the treaty negotiations, Article 5 defined their territory using the Musselshell, Missouri, and Yellowstone Rivers, as well as the Rocky Mountain Range, as boundary markers.
Other significant treaties include the 2nd Fort Laramie Treaty (1861-1868) and the Sweet Grass Hills Agreement (1888). In Canada, Treaty No. 7 was signed with Blackfoot tribes in 1877.
Today, the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana is one of only six tribes that continue to reside on a portion of their ancestral lands. While the reservation is primarily inhabited by Southern Piegan (Pikuni) members, a small number of Siksika also reside there.
Governance and Administration
The Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana operates under a charter established by the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. The governing body is the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council (BTBC), comprised of nine members. Council members are elected every four years, with staggered terms. The BTBC members work full-time and meet frequently to manage the tribe’s affairs.
Population and Demographics
Early population estimates of the Blackfoot are considered unreliable. In approximately 1790, Mackenzie estimated their numbers at 2,250 to 2,500 warriors, translating to a total population of around 9,000. However, one source suggests that there were as many as 30,000 Blackfeet on the Missouri River in 1834. The Blackfoot suffered significant population losses due to smallpox epidemics in 1780-81, 1837-38, 1845, 1857-58, and 1869. The 1838 epidemic alone reduced their population by one-third.
As of today, the Blackfeet are the largest Indian tribe in Montana, with approximately 16,000 enrolled members. In the 2000 census, 85,750 people self-identified as having Blackfeet heritage. Approximately 8,500 Blackfeet reside on their reservation.
Culture and Traditions
The Blackfeet culture is rich in oral traditions, ceremonies, and artistic expression.
Language
The Blackfoot language is classified within the Algic language family, specifically the Algonquian branch, and further categorized as Plains Algonquian. The Piegan dialect is a prominent variation. There are approximately 100 fluent Piegan speakers on the Blackfeet Reservation, primarily adults. Efforts are underway to revitalize the language among younger generations through immersion schools.
Spirituality
The Blackfeet hold numerous religious dances, war dances, and social dances, with the Sun Dance being the most sacred ceremony. Secret societies exist for various purposes, and most adults possess their personal "medicine." Sacred bundles, each with its own ritual, are also central to their spiritual practices.
The principal deities are the Sun and Napi, or "Old Man," a supernatural being often considered synonymous with the Sun or its predecessor. Traditional Blackfeet spirituality also includes a belief that ghosts can communicate with the living and that the souls of the deceased may inhabit animals.
Subsistence and Economy
Traditionally, the Blackfeet were nomadic hunter-gatherers, relying primarily on the buffalo herds of the Great Plains. They moved with the seasons, following the buffalo or gathering roots and berries. Today, the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana has diversified its economy to include:
- Chief Mountain Technologies LLC (IT services)
- Oil and gas production
- Logging
- Ranching
- Glacier Peaks Casino
- Tourism (campgrounds, horseback riding, guided tours, artist co-op)
- Blackfeet National Bank (tribally-owned bank)
Catastrophic Events and Resilience
Throughout their history, the Blackfeet have endured numerous catastrophic events, including smallpox epidemics, massacres, and starvation. These events have had a devastating impact on their population and way of life. However, the Blackfeet have demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of adversity, maintaining their cultural identity and working to build a better future for their people.
The Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana stands as a testament to the enduring spirit and cultural richness of the Blackfoot people. Despite historical challenges and ongoing struggles, the tribe continues to preserve its traditions, strengthen its community, and strive for self-determination.