The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, a land steeped in history, resilience, and cultural significance, is located in southwestern South Dakota, bordering Nebraska. It serves as the home of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, descendants of the Tetonwan Division of the Great Sioux Nation, and represents a crucial part of the Lakota people’s heritage. This article delves into the multifaceted aspects of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, exploring its geography, history, culture, government, economy, and the challenges and triumphs of its people.
A Land of Diverse Landscapes:
Spanning approximately 2.8 million acres (over 11,000 square miles), the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation’s landscape is remarkably diverse. The southern and eastern portions are characterized by wide-open grassy plains, typical of the Great Plains region. As one moves west-central, the prairie gradually transitions into the eastern spurs of the Black Hills, creating a picturesque region of rolling, pine-covered hills and ridges. This unique topography is what inspired the name "Pine Ridge."
To the north of this wooded area lie approximately 160,000 acres of badlands, sculpted by centuries of erosion. These badlands feature ruggedly eroded ridges, peaks, and mesas, showcasing a breathtaking panorama of shapes and colors. The communities of Pine Ridge, Kyle, and Wanblee are the largest within the reservation, with smaller settlements scattered throughout the landscape, each contributing to the unique character of the area.
The reservation’s boundaries are defined by Fall River and Custer counties to the west, the Badlands and Jackson County to the north, Bennett County to the east, and the Nebraska border to the south. This strategic location places the reservation about 50 miles east of the Wyoming border.
A Legacy of Treaties and Land Loss:
The history of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is intrinsically linked to the complex relationship between the Great Sioux Nation and the United States government. Originally, the reservation was part of the Great Sioux Reservation, established by treaty in 1868. This vast territory encompassed all of South Dakota west of the Missouri River.
However, throughout the 19th century, a series of treaties led to the gradual erosion of Sioux lands. Each new agreement resulted in the loss of more territory until, in 1889, the Great Sioux Reservation was divided into five separate reservations, one of which was Pine Ridge. This reduction, known as the Great Sioux Settlement, was formalized by the U.S. Congress in the Act of March 2, 1889.
Despite the diminished land base, the Oglala Sioux Tribal government maintains jurisdiction within the reservation’s boundaries, including all rights-of-way, waterways, and other lands that may be added in the future under U.S. law. The Tribe’s government operates under a constitution consistent with the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, reflecting a commitment to self-governance and tribal sovereignty.
Government and Governance:
The Oglala Sioux Tribe is governed by an elected body consisting of a five-member Executive Committee and a 16-member Tribal Council, all serving four-year terms. The Tribal Council Chairman serves as the administrative head of the Tribe, assisted by the Executive Committee, which includes the President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, Fifth Member, and Sergeant at Arms. The President and Vice-President are elected at large, while the remaining members are elected from their respective districts by the tribal membership. This structure ensures representation from the various communities within the reservation.
The United States government recognizes a government-to-government relationship with tribal nations, acknowledging their sovereignty and right to self-determination. The treaties signed in 1824, 1851, and 1868 serve as the legal foundation for the boundaries and rights of the Great Sioux Nation.
The Lakota People: Culture and Identity:
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is home to the Oglala Lakota, a major division of the Western or Teton Sioux. The Lakota people, also known as the Dakota/Nakota Nation, refer to themselves as Lakota or Dakota, meaning "friend" or "ally." The term "Sioux" was derived from the Chippewa (Ojibway) word "Nadowesioux," meaning "little snake" or "enemy," and was later shortened by French traders and trappers.
The Lakota Nation encompasses several bands, including the Oglala, Brule, Hunkpapa, Blackfoot, Minnecoujou, No Bows, and Two Kettle. They speak an "L" dialect of the Siouan language and are known for their expertise as horsemen and buffalo hunters on the plains. The Yankton and Yanktonais, referred to as the Wiceyala or Middle Sioux, speak the "N" dialect, while the Isanti, or Stone Knife People, speak the "D" dialect.
Despite the challenges of colonization and assimilation, the Lakota people have preserved their cultural traditions, including sacred ceremonies, oral history, and social activities such as powwows, rodeos, and races. These events serve as opportunities to celebrate accomplishments, honor individuals, and pass down knowledge from elders to youth.
Economic Realities and Opportunities:
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation faces significant economic challenges. The unemployment rate hovers around 45%, and many residents live in poverty. However, the Oglala Sioux Tribe is actively working to develop economic opportunities and improve the quality of life for its members.
Cattle ranching and farming are traditional economic activities for tribal operators. The Tribe also operates a Parks and Recreation Department, offering guided hunting for various game species. Tourism is another important sector, with the Cedar Pass Lodge providing lodging, dining, and retail services. The Prairie Wind Casino offers gaming and entertainment options.
Commercial businesses on the reservation include grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and arts and crafts shops. Major employers include the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Oglala Lakota College, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Indian Health Service, and the Prairie Wind Casino.
Challenges and the Path Forward:
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation faces numerous challenges, including poverty, unemployment, inadequate housing, and limited access to healthcare and education. Environmental issues, such as solid waste management, also pose a threat to the health and well-being of the community.
Despite these obstacles, the Oglala Sioux Tribe remains resilient and committed to building a better future for its people. The Tribe is actively pursuing economic development initiatives, working to improve infrastructure, and preserving its cultural heritage. Education is also a priority, with Oglala Lakota College providing opportunities for higher learning.
The future of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation lies in the hands of its children. By investing in their education, preserving their culture, and creating economic opportunities, the Oglala Sioux Tribe is working to ensure that future generations can thrive in their homeland. The tribe continues to explore ways to develop Tribal resources and pursue other business development initiatives. There are plans to develop cultural resources to preserve and educate Tribal members and non-members. The development of tourism will strengthen the economy on the reservation. The Crow Creek Sioux Tribe will continue to search for ways to maintain our culture and develop new economic opportunities for our future generations.
Environmental Concerns:
Tribal environmental staff identified the need for landfill construction, solid waste collection, and a plan for landfill closure as the major reservation environmental problem in 1997.
Climate and Transportation:
The climate is typical of the Northern Great Plains with extremes during the summer and winter that vary from 105 to -30 F respectively. The average temperatures range from 74 in July, to 21 F in January. The normal precipitation for the year averages 19 inches. Distance, weather conditions, and the lack of automobiles are the major deterrents to access at Pine Ridge. There is no public transportation on the reservation.