Ohkay Owingeh, a vibrant and historically significant Pueblo community, is nestled in the heart of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Designated as both an Indian pueblo and a census-designated place, Ohkay Owingeh stands as a testament to the enduring spirit and rich cultural heritage of the Tewa people, a distinct ethnic group of Native Americans. Its origins trace back to approximately 1200 AD, marking centuries of continuous habitation and a deep connection to the land.
This article delves into the multifaceted aspects of Ohkay Owingeh, exploring its history, culture, governance, traditions, and modern-day life. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this remarkable Pueblo, shedding light on its unique identity and contributions to the cultural tapestry of the Southwest.
A Name Steeped in History
The official tribal name, Ohkay Owingeh, carries profound meaning. Pronounced "Oh-keh Oh-weeng-eh," it translates to "place of the strong people." This name reflects the resilience, determination, and enduring spirit of the community throughout its long and often challenging history.
The Pueblo’s name has undergone transformations over time, reflecting the influence of external forces. In 1598, the Spanish conquistador Don Juan de Oñate seized control of the Pueblo and renamed it San Juan de los Caballeros in honor of his patron saint, John the Baptist. This marked the establishment of the first Spanish capital of New Mexico in close proximity to the Pueblo. For many years, the community was known as the Pueblo of San Juan, a name imposed upon it by colonial powers. However, in 2005, a significant step was taken to reclaim its heritage, and the original Pueblo name, Ohkay Owingeh, was officially restored. This act symbolized a commitment to preserving cultural identity and honoring ancestral roots.
Location and Recognition
Strategically located in the Southwestern region of the United States, Ohkay Owingeh lies within the state of New Mexico, a land renowned for its rich Native American history and diverse cultural landscape. The Pueblo is a member of the Puebloan Confederacy, a group of Native American tribes sharing cultural and linguistic similarities, primarily known for their distinctive architectural style of building villages comprised of terraced, multi-storied adobe buildings.
The United States government officially recognizes Ohkay Owingeh as a sovereign nation, acknowledging its right to self-governance and cultural preservation. This recognition underscores the unique relationship between the Pueblo and the federal government, a relationship shaped by centuries of interaction, negotiation, and legal agreements.
Origins and Traditional Territory
The history of Ohkay Owingeh is deeply intertwined with the migration patterns of the Tewa people. Oral traditions recount their journey from the north, possibly originating in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. This migration, part of a larger movement during the Pueblo III and IV Eras, led them to their present location. The Pueblo was established around 1200 AD, marking the beginning of a new chapter in their history.
Traditionally, the territory of Ohkay Owingeh encompassed a vast area surrounding the Pueblo. This land provided sustenance, resources, and spiritual connection for the Tewa people. While the reservation today is a fraction of its original territory, it remains a vital part of their identity and cultural heritage.
Population and Governance
As of recent estimates, the registered population of Ohkay Owingeh is approximately 6,748. The tribal government plays a crucial role in serving its people. The community is governed by a tribal council, elected by its members, who are responsible for making decisions on behalf of the Pueblo. The council addresses issues related to land management, economic development, education, healthcare, and cultural preservation.
Language and Culture
The Tewa language is a cornerstone of Ohkay Owingeh’s cultural identity. It is one of the largest Tewa-speaking pueblos, and efforts are underway to preserve and revitalize the language for future generations. Language revitalization programs, cultural immersion activities, and educational initiatives aim to ensure the continued use of Tewa and its transmission to younger members of the community.
The cultural traditions of Ohkay Owingeh are rich and diverse, encompassing a wide range of ceremonies, dances, and artistic expressions. The Pueblo is renowned for its exquisite redware pottery, intricate weaving, and vibrant paintings. These art forms are not merely decorative; they are imbued with cultural significance, reflecting the history, beliefs, and values of the Tewa people.
Ceremonies and Dances
Ceremonies and dances play a central role in the spiritual and social life of Ohkay Owingeh. Each month of the year is associated with specific dances and ceremonies, reflecting the seasonal cycle and the interconnectedness of humans with the natural world.
Some notable dances include:
- Basket Dance/Cloud Dance (January): Held to honor newly elected ward chiefs.
- Deer Dance (February): Performed by the Winter People to ensure prosperity for the coming year.
- Women’s Choice Dances (March-May): A variety of dances, including the Butterfly Dance, Buffalo Dance, Spring Social, Yellow Corn Dance, and Bow and Arrow Dance.
- Green Corn Dance (June): Performed on June 13th.
- Summer and Winter Buffalo Dances (June): Danced on June 23rd and throughout the Feast Day celebrations.
- Comanche Dance (June 24th): Traditionally danced on the Pueblo Feast Day.
- Harvest Dance: Performed once every seven years.
- Turtle Dance and Matachina Dance (December): Celebrated during the winter months.
The annual Pueblo Feast Day on June 24th is a major event, open to the public, where visitors can witness traditional dances, experience the vibrant culture of Ohkay Owingeh, and partake in the community’s hospitality. However, it is important to remember that these are sacred events, and photography and sketching are generally discouraged. Visitors should inquire about the rules and protocols before taking pictures or documenting the events.
Modern Day Life
Today, Ohkay Owingeh faces the challenges and opportunities of the modern world while striving to maintain its cultural identity. The tribe owns and operates the OhKay Casino and the Oke-Oweenge Crafts Cooperative, which showcases the artwork of the eight northern pueblos, including redware pottery, weaving, and painting. These ventures provide economic opportunities for tribal members and contribute to the Pueblo’s self-sufficiency.
Small-scale farming continues to be practiced, connecting the community to its agricultural heritage. The preservation of language, traditions, and cultural values remains a top priority.
Religion and Spiritual Beliefs
Kachinas are central to the religious and spiritual beliefs of Ohkay Owingeh. These supernatural beings represent various gods or spirits and play a significant role in ceremonies and dances. There are hundreds of different kachinas, each with its own unique meaning and powers. While kachinas are popularly collected as art, it is important to note that the kachinas made for the arts and crafts trade are distinct from the traditional kachina forms.
The Tewa people view the world in three parts: The village and surrounding land, which is the realm of the women, the second circle comprised of the hills and mesa surrounding the first circle and is the realm of both men and women, and the third circle encompasses all beyond the second and is the world of hunting and protection from a hostile outside world, and this is the exclusive realm of the men. All ceremonies and dances are centered on this division of influences and relate to various aspects of daily and seasonal life.
Notable Figures
Ohkay Owingeh has produced many notable figures who have made significant contributions in various fields. Popé, a Tewa leader, played a crucial role in leading the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, a pivotal event in the history of the Southwest. Rose Gonzales was a renowned potter, known for her innovative techniques and artistic creations. Evelina Zuni Lucero is an accomplished author, whose work explores the themes of Native American identity and culture. Esther Martinez was a respected linguist and storyteller, dedicated to preserving the Tewa language.
Conclusion
Ohkay Owingeh stands as a testament to the enduring spirit and rich cultural heritage of the Tewa people. Its long history, vibrant traditions, and commitment to cultural preservation make it a unique and valuable part of the Southwestern cultural landscape. As the Pueblo continues to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the modern world, it remains dedicated to honoring its ancestral roots and shaping a vibrant future for generations to come.