Music is integral to the vibrant tapestry of Native American culture, particularly within the context of pow-wows and other significant gatherings. This music, powerful and resonating, is brought to life by the "Drum," also frequently referred to as a Drum Group. The Host Drums and Drum Groups are not merely musicians; they are keepers of tradition, storytellers through song, and vital contributors to the spiritual and social heart of these events.
A Drum is essentially a close-knit ensemble of singers and drummers who collaborate to create the rhythmic and melodic foundation for dancing and celebration. These groups are characterized by their dedication to preserving and performing traditional songs, often passed down through generations. The centerpiece of their performance is a large, specially crafted drum, around which the members gather to sing in unison.
Composition and Kinship
The size of a Drum Group can vary, but typically ranges from three to ten or more individuals. This flexibility allows for diverse vocal textures and rhythmic complexities. More significantly, Drum Groups are frequently rooted in strong bonds of kinship. It’s common for members to be family, extended family, or close friends. This deep connection fosters a sense of unity and shared purpose, which is reflected in the harmony and precision of their performances. The familial nature of these groups often leads them to adopt names that reflect their lineage or the community from which they originate, further solidifying their identity and connection to place.
Attire and Inclusivity
The visual presentation of a Drum Group can be just as striking as their musical performance. While some members may choose to don traditional regalia, reflecting their tribal affiliation and heritage, others may opt for more casual attire. This variance in dress highlights the diverse ways individuals choose to express their connection to tradition. Age is not a barrier to participation; Drum Groups often encompass members of all ages, from young children just beginning to learn the songs to elders who have been singing them for decades. This intergenerational aspect ensures the continuity of cultural knowledge and fosters a sense of belonging for all involved.
The Evolving Role of Women Drummers
Historically, in many tribes, women were often excluded from drumming circles due to traditional beliefs and customs. Strict rules sometimes governed their proximity to the drum itself. While some traditionalists still adhere to these customs, the landscape is evolving. Today, there are a growing number of all-female Drum Groups, particularly in urban Native communities. This evolution reflects a desire to maintain cultural traditions in the face of changing demographics and circumstances. In situations where male drummers may not be readily available, women have stepped forward to ensure that their children and communities continue to have access to this vital aspect of their heritage.
It is more traditional for women to contribute as backup singers, harmonizing with the male vocalists and adding depth and richness to the overall sound. Women singers typically sing in a higher octave, creating a beautiful counterpoint to the deeper male voices. This vocal interplay adds complexity and texture to the songs, enhancing their emotional impact.
The Significance of the Host Drum
The Host Drum holds a position of paramount importance at pow-wows. This group bears the primary responsibility for providing the music that accompanies the dancers and sets the tone for the entire event. At large Intertribal pow-wows, it’s common to hire two or more Drums to serve as co-hosts, reflecting the diversity of the attendees and ensuring a wide range of musical styles are represented. Being invited to serve as the Host Drum is considered a great honor, a testament to the group’s skill, reputation, and dedication to preserving tradition. In recognition of their services, the Host Drum typically receives compensation, the amount of which varies depending on the size and resources of the pow-wow.
In some regions, a distinction is made between a Host Northern Drum and a Host Southern Drum, reflecting the different musical styles and traditions prevalent in those areas. The number of Drums present at a pow-wow can vary greatly, depending on the scale of the event and the region in which it is held. Some pow-wows feature Drums representing nearly every tribe or community in attendance, creating a vibrant tapestry of musical traditions. The Host Drums and Drum Groups are essential to these gatherings.
Responsibilities and Protocol
The Host Drum has specific responsibilities that dictate the flow and structure of the pow-wow. They are typically responsible for singing the songs that mark the beginning and end of each session. These songs often include a starting song to signal the commencement of activities, the grand entry song to accompany the procession of dancers, a flag song to honor the nation and its veterans, and a veterans or victory song to celebrate service and sacrifice. At the end of each session, the Host Drum sings a flag song, a retreat song, and a closing song to formally conclude the activities.
Furthermore, if the pow-wow includes gourd dancing, a tradition particularly prominent in Southern tribes, the Southern Host Drum is often tasked with singing all of the gourd songs. While another Drum may occasionally perform these songs, the responsibility typically falls to the Southern Host Drum due to their familiarity with the specific melodies and rhythms associated with this dance. The host drums are often called upon to sing special songs during the pow-wow.
Compensation and Community
While the Host Drum or Co-Host Drums receive compensation from the pow-wow organizers, other Drums are welcome to attend and participate as they wish. These guest Drums may receive donations from audience members who appreciate their music or from individuals requesting honor songs for specific purposes. However, they are not guaranteed any payment. Many Drums participate simply for the enjoyment of playing, for the opportunity to share their music, and to contribute to the vibrant sense of community that defines pow-wows.
At some pow-wows, the Drums are judged on the quality of their performances, with prize money awarded to the winners. Both Host Drums and Guest Drums are eligible to compete for these prizes, adding an element of friendly competition to the event and encouraging all Drums to strive for excellence.
The Role of the Lead Singer
Each Drum Group is led by a Lead Singer, who serves as the musical director and guides the other singers. The Lead Singer is responsible for initiating each song, setting the tempo, and ensuring that all members are singing in unison. The Lead Singer’s role is crucial to maintaining the integrity and authenticity of the music.
The beat of the drum itself is often likened to a heartbeat, starting slowly and gradually increasing in tempo as the song progresses. This rhythmic pulse provides a foundation for the singers and connects them to the deeper spiritual meaning of the music. The drumsticks, used to strike the drum, serve as a physical link between the singers and the power of the drum, channeling their energy and emotion into the performance.
Song Structure and Performance
The structure of a typical pow-wow song involves a call-and-response pattern between the Lead Singer and the rest of the group. The Lead Singer begins by singing a phrase or tune, known as the "lead" or "push-up." The other members of the group then repeat the lead, a section referred to as the "second." Following this call-and-response, all of the singers join together to sing the melody, which is repeated twice. This pattern creates a sense of unity and shared participation, drawing the audience into the music and fostering a communal experience.
A single rendition of the song, encompassing the lead, second, first part, and second part, is also referred to as a "push-up." Therefore, if the announcer requests that a Drum perform "four push-ups," they will sing this entire sequence four times in succession. The Host Drums and Drum Groups play a crucial role in the community.
In conclusion, Host Drums and Drum Groups are more than just musical ensembles; they are cultural ambassadors, keepers of tradition, and vital contributors to the vibrant and meaningful experience of pow-wows. Their music, deeply rooted in history and community, provides a powerful connection to the past while celebrating the present and ensuring the future of Native American culture.