The story of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas is one of resilience, adaptation, and a deep connection to the land. This History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas traces their journey from the late 18th century to the dawn of the 21st, highlighting key moments of migration, struggle, and ultimately, self-determination. It’s a testament to the enduring spirit of a people who have faced adversity with unwavering strength.
1795: Arrival in the Big Thicket
The late 18th century witnessed significant shifts in the southeastern United States, driven by westward expansion and increasing pressure on Indigenous populations. The Coushatta people, originally hailing from areas further east, began their migration westward, eventually settling in the rich, biodiverse region of East Texas known as the Big Thicket. This area, characterized by its dense forests, varied ecosystems, and abundant resources, offered a sanctuary and a new home for the Coushatta. Their arrival marked the beginning of a new chapter in their history, intertwined with the landscape and the challenges it presented. The Big Thicket became more than just a place to live; it became integral to their identity.
1805: The Alabamas Join the Coushattas
A decade later, the Alabama people, also facing displacement from their ancestral lands, joined the Coushattas in East Texas. Approximately one thousand Alabamas established a settlement near present-day Tyler County, known as Peach Tree Village. This convergence of the Alabama and Coushatta tribes forged a powerful inter-tribal bond. They shared the land, hunted together, and gradually developed a close relationship that transcended mere coexistence. This period cemented a foundation of mutual respect and cooperation that would shape their future. The History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas marks this as a period of increasing alliance.
Life in East Texas during the early 19th century was intimately connected to the natural environment. The Alabamas and Coushattas utilized the abundant timber resources to construct their homes, crafting dwellings that provided shelter and reflected their deep understanding of the local ecosystem. Palmetto leaves were woven into roofs and walls, creating durable and sustainable structures. This resourceful approach to building demonstrated their ability to adapt and thrive in their new environment.
Early 1800s: Land Loss and Consolidation
Despite their efforts to establish a peaceful existence, the Alabama-Coushatta faced increasing pressure from encroaching white settlers. The Texas Congress initially granted each tribe two leagues of land along the Trinity River, a gesture intended to provide them with a permanent homeland. However, these promises were quickly broken as settlers began to seize their land, disregarding the agreements and leaving the tribes vulnerable and displaced.
Recognizing the injustice, Sam Houston, a prominent figure in Texas history known for his advocacy for Native American rights, recommended that the state purchase 1,280 acres for the Alabamas and set aside 640 acres for the Coushattas. While land was secured for the Alabamas, the land intended for the Coushattas was never properly surveyed or plotted, rendering it effectively inaccessible.
This disparity led many Coushattas to seek refuge on the Alabama land, either through marriage or with special permission. This further strengthened the bond between the two tribes, solidifying their union and giving rise to the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe. However, not all Coushattas remained in Texas. Many migrated eastward to an area near Kinder, Louisiana, where a significant population of Coushatta descendants continues to reside today.
The period following the land grants was marked by hardship. For 74 years, the Alabama-Coushatta received no government assistance. The land they inhabited was unsuitable for agriculture or grazing, forcing them to rely heavily on hunting and foraging in the Big Thicket. As hunting became restricted during certain seasons, malnutrition and disease took a devastating toll, reducing the tribal population to less than 200 individuals at one point. This era represents a critical low point in the History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, showcasing the immense challenges they faced.
1920s: Recognition of Hardship
The plight of the Alabama-Coushatta people did not go unnoticed. In the 1920s, the dire living conditions on the reservation came to the attention of both state and federal governments. Reports of widespread poverty, malnutrition, and lack of access to basic necessities spurred action, albeit slow and incremental.
1928: Government Intervention and Aid
In 1928, both the State of Texas and the Federal Government allocated funds to address the critical needs of the Alabama-Coushatta. The Federal Government purchased an additional 3,171 acres of land adjacent to the original reservation, holding it in trust for the tribe. This expansion provided much-needed space for housing and resource management.
The government also initiated a housing program, replacing dilapidated log cabins with two- and four-bedroom frame houses. Shallow water wells were dug to provide access to clean drinking water, eliminating the arduous treks to distant springs. Perhaps most importantly, the government recognized the urgent need for medical care and education, laying the foundation for future improvements in these areas.
1954: State Trusteeship
In 1954, the Federal Government relinquished its trusteeship over the Alabama-Coushatta lands and assets, transferring the responsibility to the State of Texas Hospital and Special Schools, with the assistance of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribal Council. This shift in governance marked a new phase in the tribe’s relationship with external authorities.
1957: Establishment of the Tribal Council
A pivotal moment in the tribe’s self-governance came in 1957 with the establishment and recognition of the Tribal Council as the main governing body. Seven tribal members were elected by popular vote to serve on the council, holding positions such as Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer. The council met twice a month to conduct tribal business, addressing issues related to land management, resource allocation, and community development. A Tribal Administrator was appointed to handle the day-to-day affairs of the tribe.
A landmark legal ruling by the Attorney General affirmed the Tribal Council’s right to manage timber resources on the reservation and to use the revenue generated from timber sales to fund projects that would benefit the entire tribe. This decision empowered the Alabama-Coushatta to exercise greater control over their natural resources and to invest in their future.
The Tribal Council also initiated a timber management program in cooperation with the Texas Forest Service. This program aimed to prevent excessive or premature cutting of timber, ensuring the long-term financial interests of the tribe. The Alabama-Coushatta’s commitment to sustainable forestry practices earned them the state’s top award for forestry conservation and achievement in timber management.
Also in 1957, a kindergarten was established to provide early childhood education and prepare children for public schools. This program, now known as Head Start, serves one hundred children from diverse backgrounds, including Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Anglo Americans. Alabama-Coushatta children attend public schools in Big Sandy, Livingston, or Woodville, and many young tribal members pursue higher education at colleges and universities. The Tribe’s Education Department provides assistance to students with applications and scholarships.
1959: Mineral Rights and Education Funding
In 1959, Texas lawmakers passed a bill enabling the Tribal Council to lease land on the reservation for mineral rights. Income from timber sales and mineral leases was used to finance the education of young tribal members, further emphasizing the tribe’s commitment to investing in the future.
Early 1960s: Tourism as a Development Strategy
Faced with limited job opportunities and economic challenges, tribal leaders began exploring alternative development strategies in the early 1960s. Recognizing the burgeoning tourism industry in Texas, they decided to invite visitors to the Alabama-Coushatta reservation to experience the natural beauty of the area and learn about the tribe’s culture and traditions.
1963: Development of Tourist Facilities
With assistance from the State of Texas, the tribe built a museum, gift shop, and restaurant to cater to tourists. A tribal dance square was added, providing a venue for showcasing traditional dances and cultural performances. Tours through the Big Thicket were also offered, allowing visitors to explore the unique ecosystem and learn about its significance to the Alabama-Coushatta people.
The tourism initiative proved to be a resounding success. In its first year of operation, the reservation attracted more than 20,000 visitors, and today, that number has increased tenfold. Tourism has become a vital source of revenue for the tribe, creating jobs and supporting community development.
1965: Shift to the Texas Commission of Indian Affairs
In September 1965, the State’s management of the Tribe was transferred to the newly formed Texas Commission of Indian Affairs, comprised of three members appointed by the Governor.
1971: Lake Tombigbee
A 26-acre lake, Lake Tombigbee, was completed, providing a recreational area for picnics, camping, and swimming. The lake is encircled by a paved road and restocked yearly with fish. Campsites, restrooms, and cabins were added.
1975: Infrastructure Development and Housing
A grocery store and laundromat were opened, and the reservation established its own water and sewer systems. Since the mid-1970s, seventy new brick homes have been built through the Mutual Help Housing Project.
1987: Federal Recognition
After years of advocacy, the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe achieved a major milestone in 1987 when President Ronald Reagan signed Public Law 100-89, formally reinstating the tribe’s federal recognition. This recognition restored the tribe’s sovereign status and opened doors to federal programs and resources.
1988: Indian Health Service
The Tribal Council contracted for health care with Indian Health Care and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to establish the Indian Health Service.
1989: Chief Kina Health Clinic
The Chief Kina Health Clinic was dedicated, providing expanded healthcare services.
1997: Solid Waste Facility
The Solid Waste facility was opened.
2002: Covered Pavilion
Construction of a covered pavilion was completed to house the annual powwow and other events.
The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe remains deeply committed to preserving its culture and language. The tribe places a high priority on teaching the Alabama-Coushatta language, with classes taught by tribal elders. The leadership of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe works diligently for the betterment of its people and the future. The History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas culminates in a portrait of a resilient and forward-looking community. This History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas showcases the tribe’s journey through adversity and its commitment to self-determination. The History Timeline of the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas is a testament to their enduring spirit.