The history of the modern pow wow is a rich tapestry woven with threads of tradition, resilience, and adaptation. It’s a story that continues to unfold, marked by both the preservation of ancient customs and the embrace of contemporary influences. While the core essence of the pow wow remains deeply rooted in Native American spirituality and community, certain aspects, such as competitive singing and dancing for prize money, represent relatively recent evolutions in this dynamic cultural phenomenon. These additions, however, do not diminish the pow wow’s significance as a vital expression of identity and a powerful symbol of cultural survival.
Prize money serves as a tangible reward for excellence in both dancing and singing/drumming. At the culmination of a pow wow, the participants who have accumulated the most points throughout the event are recognized and awarded for their dedication and skill. This competitive element adds another layer of excitement and encourages performers to hone their craft, while also providing financial support to talented individuals and groups.
The Circle: A Symbol of Unity and Continuity
Central to the pow wow experience is the profound symbolism of the circle. This motif permeates the entire event, reflecting the interconnectedness of all things and the cyclical nature of life. The dance arena itself forms the heart of the circle, with dancers moving within its sacred space. Surrounding them, the singers and drummers create a powerful auditory embrace, while the audience forms another concentric circle, witnessing and participating in the spectacle. Further out, food vendors and craft booths offer sustenance and artistic expression, completing the visual representation of community and commerce. The outermost circle often comprises the tipi encampment and general camping area, where participants immerse themselves fully in the pow wow atmosphere.
This circular arrangement symbolizes the life cycle, from birth to death and rebirth. It represents unity, wholeness, and the continuous flow of energy. The pow wow itself acts as a catalyst, drawing people together and strengthening their bonds with family, friends, and their shared Native American culture. It is a time of reaffirmation, remembrance, and renewal.
A Celebration of All Ages
One of the most striking aspects of a pow wow is the participation of individuals of all ages. From the youngest "tiny tots," sometimes as young as two or three years old, adorned in miniature regalia, to elders in their 90s, the dance arena welcomes everyone. This intergenerational involvement ensures the transmission of cultural knowledge and traditions to future generations, keeping the spirit of the pow wow alive.
While many pow wows feature competitive dancing with prize money, trophies, or other accolades, the motivations for participation extend far beyond monetary gain. For many dancers and singers, the pow wow is primarily a time for celebration, a chance to connect with their heritage, and an opportunity to express their cultural identity through movement and song. It is a profound spiritual experience, a way to honor ancestors, and a means of strengthening community ties. The History of the Modern Pow Wow is a history of community.
Overcoming Suppression: A Legacy of Resilience
The History of the Modern Pow Wow is intrinsically linked to the history of Native American cultural suppression. In the 1880s, the United States government enacted policies aimed at eradicating Native American religions and traditions. Dancing, in particular, came under intense scrutiny from missionaries and federal authorities, who feared it as a potential catalyst for resistance and rebellion. This fear was particularly acute in relation to the Ghost Dance, a religious movement that promised the restoration of Native American lands and way of life. Consequently, most forms of dancing were outlawed, forcing Native Americans to practice their traditions in secret or abandon them altogether.
It wasn’t until the 1920s that some of these restrictions were lifted, allowing Native peoples to once again engage in certain forms of dancing and religious practices. However, some sacred ceremonies, such as the Sun Dance, remained forbidden well into the late 1960s and early 1970s, highlighting the enduring legacy of cultural oppression. The resilience and determination of Native Americans to preserve their traditions in the face of adversity is a testament to the enduring power of culture and identity.
Urban Pow Wows: A Bridge to Cultural Identity
The History of the Modern Pow Wow also reflects the changing demographics of Native American populations. As many Native Americans have migrated to urban areas in search of economic opportunities and educational advancement, they have sought ways to maintain their cultural identities and connect with their heritage. Urban pow wows have emerged as a vital means of achieving this goal.
These intertribal celebrations provide a platform for Native Americans from diverse tribal backgrounds to come together, share their traditions, and forge new connections. They offer a valuable opportunity for urban Native Americans, particularly children, to learn about their culture, participate in traditional activities, and build a sense of community. Many large urban centers now host thriving pow wow circuits, demonstrating the enduring importance of these gatherings in the lives of urban Native Americans. The pow wow brings the circle of people closer to their family, friends and Native American culture.
Navigating Photography Etiquette
When attending a pow wow, it is essential to be mindful of cultural sensitivities and respect the wishes of the participants. Photography policies can vary significantly from one pow wow to another. In some regions, particularly in the Southwest, photography and video recording may be strictly prohibited without a permit. Violating these rules can result in expulsion from the event, arrest, and even the confiscation of camera equipment.
In other regions, such as the Northern Plains, photography may be permitted, except during certain sacred events. The arena announcer will typically provide guidance on when photography is restricted. However, if you are unsure about the policy, it is always best to ask before taking any pictures or videos. As a matter of common courtesy, it is also advisable to seek permission from dancers before taking their picture outside of the dance arena. Respectful behavior ensures a positive experience for everyone involved.
What to Expect as a Spectator
While some ceremonial events, such as the Sun Dance or Hopi Rain Dance, are not open to the public, most pow wows welcome visitors from all backgrounds. These gatherings offer a unique opportunity to witness Native American culture firsthand and learn about the traditions, values, and artistry of different tribes.
Some pow wows may charge an admission fee or parking fee, while others are free to attend. Many pow wows offer primitive camping facilities on the grounds, providing a convenient and immersive experience for attendees. Camping is often free of charge, and visitors are welcome to pitch tents or tipis. Limited RV hookups may also be available on a first-come, first-served basis, with a possible charge for electricity usage.
Most pow wows provide basic amenities, such as cold water and portable toilets. However, it is advisable to bring your own toilet paper, as supplies can often run out quickly. Some pow wows may also offer indoor toilets and showers on the grounds or arrange for dancers to use facilities at a nearby school or community center.
If you plan to stay in a hotel or motel near a well-known pow wow, it is recommended to make reservations well in advance, sometimes up to a year in advance. However, the most authentic way to experience a pow wow is to camp on the grounds, immersing yourself in the sights, sounds, and spirit of the event.
The History of the Modern Pow Wow is a living history, continuously being shaped by the people who participate in it.