The Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe, meaning "strong wood" in French, is a vibrant and historically significant component of the larger Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. This band, deeply rooted in the northern Minnesota landscape, represents a resilient people who have navigated complex historical challenges while preserving their cultural identity and traditions. As one of the six bands that comprise the federally recognized Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the Bois Forte Band actively participates in the tribal government established in 1936 through a collectively written constitution.
A History Etched in the Landscape
The story of the Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe is intricately woven with the land they inhabit. Their ancestors migrated westward from the eastern coast, journeying along the St. Lawrence River, navigating the Great Lakes, and eventually settling inland along the rivers and lakes of what is now northern Minnesota. For centuries, this region has been their home, shaping their culture, economy, and way of life.
The name "Bois Forte," bestowed upon them by French fur traders, speaks to the dense and formidable forests that characterize their territory. This name, meaning "strong wood," reflects both the physical environment and the enduring spirit of the people who call it home.
Treaties and Land: A Complex Relationship
The relationship between the Bois Forte Band and the United States government has been marked by treaties, land cessions, and shifting policies. The first formal agreement, the Treaty of 1854, designated an undefined area around Lake Vermilion as a reservation for the band. This initial treaty aimed to establish a permanent homeland but lacked specific boundaries, leading to future complications.
Subsequent agreements, notably the Treaty of 1866, officially established reservations at Nett Lake and Deer Creek (in Itasca County). This treaty also involved the relinquishment of claims to the Lake Vermilion area, a decision driven by the discovery of gold and the subsequent desire of non-Native settlers for the land. The promise of re-establishing the Vermilion reservation was partially fulfilled in 1881 through an Executive Order, but the land granted was significantly smaller than originally intended.
These historical events highlight the challenges faced by the Bois Forte Band in protecting their ancestral lands and maintaining their sovereignty. Despite these obstacles, the band has demonstrated remarkable resilience in preserving their cultural heritage and pursuing self-determination.
The Bois Forte Reservation: A Tripartite Homeland
Today, the Bois Forte Reservation is located in the far reaches of northern Minnesota, a mere 45 miles south of the Canadian border. The reservation is geographically divided into three distinct sectors: Nett Lake, Vermilion, and Deer Creek. Each sector possesses unique characteristics and contributes to the overall identity of the Bois Forte Band.
- Nett Lake: This is the largest and most populous sector, situated in St. Louis and Koochiching counties. Characterized by vast wetlands, Nett Lake is renowned as one of the largest wild rice producers in the United States. It serves as the primary governmental center for the Bois Forte Band, housing the majority of its members and administrative offices. The landscape of Nett Lake is a vital resource, providing both economic sustenance and cultural significance.
- Vermilion: Located on the shores of Lake Vermilion, near Tower in St. Louis County, this sector is home to additional band members and the Fortune Bay Resort Casino, a significant economic engine for the Bois Forte Band. The scenic beauty of Lake Vermilion contributes to the tourism industry and provides recreational opportunities for both tribal members and visitors.
- Deer Creek: Situated in Itasca County, the Deer Creek sector currently does not have any resident band members. Its future role within the Bois Forte Reservation remains a subject of consideration and planning.
The geographical distribution of the reservation underscores the historical complexities of land allocation and the ongoing efforts of the Bois Forte Band to manage and develop their resources effectively.
Governance and Self-Determination
The Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe is governed by a Tribal Council, which is responsible for overseeing all aspects of tribal affairs. The council consists of two members from District 1, one member from District 2, and two executive officers: the Tribal Chair and the Secretary/Treasurer.
In 1997, a significant milestone was achieved when the Bois Forte Reservation Tribal Council assumed full responsibility for delivering all government programs and services to its people. This act of self-determination marked a pivotal moment in the band’s history, demonstrating their commitment to self-governance and the well-being of their community.
The Tribal Council plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the Bois Forte Band, making decisions related to economic development, education, healthcare, and cultural preservation.
A Thriving Economy Rooted in Tradition and Innovation
The Bois Forte Band has strategically diversified its business portfolio, demonstrating a commitment to strengthening the regional economy and creating employment opportunities for its members. Under the management of the Bois Forte Development Corporation, the band owns and operates a diverse range of enterprises, including:
- Fortune Bay Resort Casino: A premier entertainment destination that provides significant revenue and employment opportunities.
- The Wilderness Golf Course: An acclaimed golf course that attracts tourists and contributes to the local economy.
- WELY-End of the Road Radio: A radio station that serves the community and promotes cultural awareness.
- Powerain Manufacturing, Inc.: A manufacturing company that produces various products and supports local jobs.
- The Y-Store: A retail outlet that provides essential goods and services to the community.
- Bois Forte Wild Rice: A traditional food source that is harvested and sold commercially, preserving cultural heritage and providing economic benefits.
The Fortune Bay Resort Casino, which opened in 1986, has been a major catalyst for economic growth, employing hundreds of people and injecting millions of dollars into the northern Minnesota economy annually.
The economic success of the Bois Forte Band is a testament to their entrepreneurial spirit, strategic planning, and commitment to self-sufficiency.
Cultural Preservation: Language, Traditions, and Identity
The Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe is deeply committed to preserving its cultural heritage, including its language, traditions, and spiritual beliefs. The Ojibwe language, classified within the Algic language family, is a vital component of their cultural identity. Efforts are underway to revitalize the language and ensure its transmission to future generations.
Wild ricing continues to be a culturally significant activity, deeply intertwined with the history and identity of the Bois Forte people. The wetlands of Nett Lake provide an ideal environment for wild rice cultivation, and the annual harvest is a time of community gathering and cultural celebration.
Other important cultural practices include traditional ceremonies, dances, and storytelling. These activities serve to reinforce cultural values, transmit knowledge, and foster a sense of community.
Education and Media: Empowering the Future
The Bois Forte Band recognizes the importance of education in empowering its members and shaping the future of the community. While there is no tribal college directly affiliated with the band, access to higher education is encouraged and supported.
The band owns and operates WELY Radio, a vital communication platform that provides news, information, and entertainment to the community. The Bois Forte News, a monthly publication, is distributed to band members and provides updates on tribal affairs, events, and community initiatives.
These media outlets play a crucial role in disseminating information, promoting cultural awareness, and fostering a sense of connection within the Bois Forte community.
The Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe: A Legacy of Resilience
The Bois Forte Band of Ojibwe has a long and rich history, marked by both challenges and triumphs. Through treaties, land cessions, and assimilation policies, they have faced numerous obstacles in their quest to preserve their cultural identity and maintain their sovereignty.
Despite these challenges, the Bois Forte Band has demonstrated remarkable resilience, adapting to changing circumstances while remaining true to their traditions and values. Today, the band is a thriving community with a strong economy, a vibrant culture, and a deep commitment to self-determination. The Bois Forte people are dedicated to enhancing their society and securing a prosperous future for generations to come. The Bois Forte band continues to evolve while maintaining its connection to the past. The Bois Forte name is synonymous with strength and perseverance. The Bois Forte community is an important part of the broader Minnesota landscape. The Bois Forte reservation stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of its people.