The Barona Indian Reservation, a sovereign territory established by the United States government, lies nestled in the picturesque landscape of San Diego County, California. Situated near the town of Lakeside and bordering the expansive Cleveland National Forest, the reservation serves as the homeland for a portion of the Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California and the Viejas Band of Kumeyaay, two distinct but related Kumeyaay groups with a rich and enduring history in the region. This article delves into the history, geography, culture, and modern life of the Barona Indian Reservation, offering a comprehensive overview of this unique and vital community.
A Land of Rolling Hills and Fertile Valleys
The Barona Indian Reservation encompasses 5,181 acres (20.97 square kilometers) of land characterized by a diverse topography. The reservation sits in a long, fertile valley approximately 1,200 feet above sea level, surrounded by rolling hills and mountains that contribute to its scenic beauty and provide a sense of isolation and tranquility. This elevated position affords the reservation a unique climate, marked by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters, typical of Southern California’s Mediterranean climate. The fertile soil within the valley has historically supported agriculture, and several ranches operate within the reservation’s boundaries, reflecting the deep connection between the Kumeyaay people and the land.
Tribal Affiliation: The Kumeyaay Heritage
The Barona Indian Reservation is home to members of the Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California and the Viejas Band of Kumeyaay. These bands represent distinct groups within the larger Kumeyaay Nation, also known as the Diegueno. The Kumeyaay are indigenous to the region encompassing present-day San Diego County and parts of Baja California, Mexico. Their history stretches back thousands of years, and their culture is deeply intertwined with the land, its resources, and its spiritual significance.
Historically, the Kumeyaay were skilled hunter-gatherers and artisans, utilizing the natural resources around them to create tools, shelter, and sustenance. They developed intricate knowledge of the local flora and fauna, understanding the medicinal properties of plants and the migratory patterns of animals. Their social structure was based on kinship and clan affiliations, with strong emphasis on community cooperation and shared responsibility.
The arrival of European settlers in the 18th century brought significant changes to the Kumeyaay way of life. The establishment of Spanish missions led to the displacement of many Kumeyaay people from their ancestral lands and the disruption of their traditional practices. Despite these challenges, the Kumeyaay people have persevered, maintaining their cultural identity and advocating for their rights and self-determination.
Historical Roots: From Capitan Grande to Barona
The history of the Barona Indian Reservation is closely linked to the events that transpired at the Capitan Grande Reservation. In the early 20th century, the city of San Diego sought to build a dam and reservoir in the Capitan Grande Valley, the original homeland of the Capitan Grande Band. This project would flood much of the valley, displacing the Kumeyaay people who lived there.
After a long and contentious legal battle, the city of San Diego was granted the right to construct the El Capitan Dam. As compensation for the loss of their ancestral lands, the United States government purchased land in the Barona Valley and established the Barona Indian Reservation in 1932. The Capitan Grande Band and some members of the Viejas Band were relocated to the newly established reservation, marking a significant chapter in their history.
The relocation was a difficult and traumatic experience for many Kumeyaay people. They were forced to leave behind their homes, sacred sites, and traditional way of life. However, the establishment of the Barona Indian Reservation also provided an opportunity for the Kumeyaay people to rebuild their community and exercise greater control over their own affairs.
Population and Community
In 1973, approximately 125 of the 156 enrolled members of the Barona Band lived on the reservation. By the year 2000, the total population of the reservation was estimated to be around 490. The exact number of tribal members residing on the reservation today is unknown, as many members choose to live off-reservation for various reasons, including employment and educational opportunities.
The Barona Band of Mission Indians is headquartered in Lakeside, California, a town located near the reservation. The nearest community to the reservation is San Diego Country Estates, a residential development that borders the northeast side of the reservation. The Barona community is committed to preserving its cultural heritage, promoting economic development, and providing essential services to its members.
A Thriving Economy: The Barona Resort & Casino
In recent decades, the Barona Indian Reservation has experienced significant economic growth, largely due to the success of the Barona Resort & Casino. The casino, owned and operated by the Barona Band of Mission Indians, has become a major employer in the region and a significant source of revenue for the tribe.
The Barona Resort & Casino is more than just a gaming destination; it is a multifaceted entertainment complex that offers a wide range of amenities, including:
- Barona Creek Golf Club: A championship golf course designed by Gary Roger Baird, attracting golfers from around the world.
- AmBience Day Spa: A luxurious spa offering a variety of treatments and services.
- Multiple Restaurants: A diverse culinary scene featuring options like Barona Oaks Steakhouse, Sage Café, Ranch House Buffet, and HoWan Noodle Shop.
The revenue generated by the Barona Resort & Casino has enabled the Barona Band to invest in essential services for its members, including healthcare, education, housing, and cultural preservation programs. The economic success of the Barona Indian Reservation has also had a positive impact on the surrounding community, creating jobs and stimulating local businesses.
Looking to the Future: Preserving Culture and Promoting Self-Sufficiency
The Barona Band of Mission Indians is committed to preserving its cultural heritage and promoting self-sufficiency for its members. The tribe operates a cultural center and museum that showcases the history, traditions, and art of the Kumeyaay people. The tribe also supports language revitalization programs aimed at preserving the Kumeyaay language for future generations.
In addition to its economic and cultural initiatives, the Barona Band is also actively involved in environmental stewardship, working to protect the natural resources within the reservation’s boundaries. The tribe is committed to sustainable development practices that balance economic growth with environmental protection.
The Barona Indian Reservation stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of the Kumeyaay people. Despite facing numerous challenges throughout history, they have persevered, maintaining their cultural identity and building a thriving community. As they look to the future, the Barona Band of Mission Indians remains committed to preserving its heritage, promoting economic development, and ensuring a better future for generations to come.