The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho stands as a testament to resilience and cultural preservation amidst the sweeping changes of the Northwest Plateau. As a federally recognized tribe, the Kootenai people have maintained a distinct identity and connection to their ancestral lands, navigating a complex history marked by both hardship and unwavering determination. This article delves into the rich tapestry of Kootenai history, culture, and contemporary life, offering a glimpse into the enduring spirit of this unique Indigenous nation.
Official Recognition and Location
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is officially recognized by the United States government, affirming its sovereignty and right to self-governance. The tribal headquarters are located in Bonners Ferry, Idaho (PO Box 1269, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805), a town nestled along the banks of the Kootenai River, a geographical feature intrinsically linked to the tribe’s identity. The tribe can be contacted by phone at 208-267-3519 and by fax at 208-267-2960. Additional information is available on the tribe’s official website: www.kootenai.org.
Etymology and Nomenclature
The name "Kootenai" itself is derived from the Kootenay (Canadian spelling) or Kootenai (U.S. spelling) River, a significant waterway that meanders through southeastern British Columbia, Canada, and the northern reaches of Montana and Idaho. The river, once known as the Flatbow, serves as a constant reminder of the Kootenai people’s deep connection to the land and its resources. Alternate spellings of the tribal name include Kutenai.
Geographic Location and Traditional Territory
Historically, the Kootenai people inhabited a vast territory encompassing portions of present-day Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Their lives were intimately intertwined with the Kootenai River and its surrounding ecosystem. This region falls within the Plateau cultural area, characterized by its diverse landscapes and the adaptation of its Indigenous inhabitants to the available resources.
Affiliations and Treaties
While some sources suggest a possible affiliation with the Salish language family, the Kutenai language is considered a language isolate. The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho holds a unique status as a non-treaty nation with the U.S. government.
The Kootenai Reservation
The Kootenai Reservation, first established in 1896 and re-established in 1974 after land loss, encompasses approximately 3,985 acres. This land serves as a vital center for tribal governance, cultural preservation, and community development. The reservation operates on Pacific Time.
Tribal Symbolism: The Flag and Emblem
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho’s flag and emblem are rich in symbolism, reflecting the tribe’s history, values, and relationship with the surrounding region.
-
The Flag: The flag features a drawing of three moons, representing Chief Three Moons, a revered leader. It includes an empty arrow quiver and an unsigned treaty, signifying the tribe’s status as a non-treaty nation. Another shield signifies perpetuity.
-
The Emblem: The emblem incorporates a map of Idaho wrapped in a red ribbon inscribed with "Kootenai Tribe of Idaho," symbolizing the tribe’s ongoing relationship with the state. Seven feathers represent the seven bands of the Kootenai Nation: the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, the Lower Kootenai Band in Creston, B.C., the St. Mary’s Band in Cranbrook, B.C., the Columbia Lake Band in Windermere, B.C., the Sushwap Band in Invermere, B.C., the Tobacco Plains Band in Grasmere, B.C. and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribe in Elmo, Montana.
Population and Enrollment
The registered population of the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho was 67 in 1974.
Governance and Political Structure
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is governed by the Kootenai Tribal Council. The council consists of three general Tribal Council members, two alternate Tribal Council members, and executive officers, including a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer. Council members are selected from three districts based on family groups and serve four-year terms.
Language and Cultural Preservation
The Kutenai language, a language isolate, is a cornerstone of Kootenai cultural identity.
Historical Overview
The history of the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is a story of adaptation, resilience, and resistance.
-
Pre-Contact Era: The Kootenai people thrived for centuries in their traditional territory, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance. They developed a deep understanding of the natural world and a complex social and spiritual system.
-
Contact and Displacement: With the arrival of European settlers, the Kootenai people faced increasing pressure on their lands and resources. The tribe refused to sign a treaty with the U.S. government in 1855 that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The Dawes Act led to the breakup of tribal land holdings into individual allotments.
-
20th-Century Challenges and Resistance: The 20th century brought further challenges, including forced assimilation policies and economic hardship. In 1960, the tribe was awarded $425,000 in a land claims settlement due to illegal land loss. However, the Kootenai people persevered, maintaining their cultural identity and fighting for their rights.
-
The Declaration of War (1974): In a bold and symbolic act of resistance, the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho formally declared war on the United States on September 20, 1974, seeking federal recognition. This non-violent act drew attention to their plight, leading to the deed of 12.5 acres to the tribe.
Culture and Traditions
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho possesses a rich cultural heritage.
-
Subsistence and Economy: Historically, the Kootenai people were hunter-gatherers, relying heavily on salmon runs, berries, and roots, particularly camas roots. Today, the tribe’s economy includes timber, tourism, and the sale of sand and gravel. The tribe also owns a sturgeon hatchery.
-
Arts and Crafts: Traditional Kootenai art and crafts reflect their deep connection to the natural world.
-
Housing: Winter villages consisted of cone-shaped houses constructed from wooden poles and rush mats.
-
Spiritual Beliefs: Quilxka Nupika is recognized as the supreme being or Creator God in Kootenai spiritual beliefs.
Contemporary Life
Today, the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho is actively engaged in preserving its culture, promoting economic development, and advocating for the well-being of its members. The tribe operates the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa in Bonners Ferry, providing employment opportunities and generating revenue for tribal programs.
The Enduring Legacy
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho‘s story is one of perseverance, cultural strength, and unwavering commitment to self-determination. Their journey from a vast traditional territory to a modern, self-governing nation is a testament to the enduring spirit of the Kootenai people. By preserving their language, culture, and traditions, they continue to enrich the cultural landscape of the Northwest Plateau and inspire future generations.
The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho continues to strive and flourish.