The story of the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California is one of resilience, perseverance, and the enduring strength of cultural identity. This federally recognized tribe, deeply rooted in the history of Northern California, has overcome significant challenges, including forced displacement and termination of tribal status, to reclaim their heritage and build a vibrant future. Understanding their history and present-day endeavors requires exploring their ancestral lands, cultural traditions, and their journey to self-determination.
The Nomlaki: People of the North
The Nomlaki, meaning "people of the north," traditionally inhabited the lands encompassing present-day Tehama and Glenn Counties in California. Their territory stretched east of the Coastal Range, a landscape characterized by rolling hills, fertile valleys, and abundant waterways. Within the Nomlaki people, two primary divisions existed: the Hill Nomlaki and the River Nomlaki. The Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California are descendants of the Hill Nomlaki.
Traditional Life and Culture
Prior to European contact, the Nomlaki thrived in a well-structured society intricately linked to the natural world. Their villages, typically ranging in population from 25 to 200 individuals, were led by a chieftain. The chieftain’s dwelling, larger and centrally located, served not only as his residence but also as a communal space for men and a focal point for village activities.
Houses, often referred to as wikiups or wigwams, were constructed from bent saplings, secured with vines, and covered with thatch. These dwellings, primarily inhabited by women and children, faced the chieftain’s house, reflecting the social organization and importance of leadership within the community.
Subsistence and Resourcefulness
The Nomlaki were skilled hunters and gatherers, adept at utilizing the diverse resources of their environment. Acorns formed a dietary staple, with women meticulously gathering and processing various varieties to remove tannins and create a nutritious food source. Other important foods included grass seeds, tubers, deer, elk, rabbits, birds, and fish. The Sacramento River and its tributaries provided abundant fishing opportunities, while the surrounding forests offered ample game.
Hunting was a crucial skill, practiced by all men, with some specializing in particular techniques and methods. Hunters employed bows and arrows, clubs, nets, snares, and traps to procure game, often working both individually and in coordinated groups. Salt, an essential mineral, was obtained from stream banks during the spring months.
The Paskenta Rancheria: A History of Loss and Restoration
The early 20th century marked a period of significant change and hardship for the Nomlaki. In 1906 and 1909, the Paskenta Rancheria was established, along with other Wintu Rancherias, as part of the federal government’s efforts to relocate and confine Native American populations. By 1920, the rancheria encompassed approximately 260 acres.
However, this period of relative stability was short-lived. In 1959, the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California suffered a devastating blow when the federal government terminated their tribal status under the California Rancheria Termination Act. This act led to the sale of the Paskenta Rancheria lands to non-Native individuals, effectively dispossessing the tribe of their ancestral homeland and undermining their self-governance.
Despite this injustice, the Paskenta Band refused to relinquish their tribal identity. They maintained their cultural traditions, strengthened their community bonds, and tirelessly advocated for the restoration of their federal recognition. Their unwavering determination ultimately paid off in 1994, when the federal government officially restored the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California to full tribal status. This landmark achievement marked a turning point in the tribe’s history, paving the way for self-determination and economic development.
Today: A Thriving Community
Today, the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California are a thriving community with approximately 240 enrolled members. Their tribal headquarters are located in Orland, California. They have successfully reacquired land, now possessing around 2,000 acres, and are actively engaged in various economic and social initiatives.
Rolling Hills Casino: Economic Engine and Community Investment
A significant source of economic prosperity for the tribe is the Rolling Hills Casino, located in Corning, California. This successful enterprise not only provides employment opportunities for tribal members and the surrounding community but also generates revenue that supports vital tribal programs and services. The tribe reinvests casino profits into education, healthcare, housing, and cultural preservation efforts, ensuring the well-being of its members and contributing to the economic vitality of the region.
Continued Cultural Preservation and Future Aspirations
The Paskenta Band remains deeply committed to preserving and promoting their cultural heritage. While specific details regarding ceremonies, dances, legends, and art forms are often kept within the community, the tribe actively works to pass on traditional knowledge and practices to future generations. They are also dedicated to strengthening their tribal government, expanding their economic opportunities, and advocating for the rights and interests of Native American people.
The story of the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California is a testament to the enduring power of cultural identity and the unwavering spirit of a people who have overcome adversity to reclaim their heritage and build a brighter future. Their journey serves as an inspiration to other Native American tribes and a reminder of the importance of honoring and protecting the rights and cultures of all indigenous peoples. While specific details about their government structure, enrollment requirements, and language preservation efforts remain less publicly available, their commitment to these areas is evident in their overall progress and dedication to self-determination.