Nancy Ward, a name synonymous with Cherokee strength, diplomacy, and cultural preservation, stands as a pivotal figure in the history of the Cherokee Nation and the tumultuous interactions between Native Americans and European settlers in the 18th century. Her life, spanning a period of immense change and conflict, offers a captivating lens through which to examine the social, political, and military landscape of the time. This article delves into the life and legacy of this remarkable woman, drawing upon historical records and genealogical information to paint a comprehensive portrait of Nancy Ward, the "Beloved Woman" of the Cherokee.
Born around 1738 near Chota, a significant Cherokee town located near present-day Fort Loudon, Tennessee, Nancy Ward entered a world already undergoing profound transformation. Her birth coincided with a devastating smallpox epidemic that decimated the Cherokee population, a stark reminder of the encroaching presence of Europeans and the diseases they carried. This early exposure to hardship and loss likely shaped her resilience and determination to protect her people.
Lineage and Family Connections
Nancy Ward’s lineage connected her to influential figures within the Cherokee Nation. Her father, Fivekiller, was of Cherokee-Delaware descent, representing a blend of tribal identities. Her mother, Tame Deer (also known as Tame Doe or Catherine), held a prominent position as the sister of Attakullakulla, a highly respected Cherokee leader often referred to as "Little Carpenter" by the English. Attakullakulla was known for his diplomatic skills and his efforts to navigate the complex relationship between the Cherokee and the British.
Further cementing her ties to Cherokee leadership, Nancy Ward was a cousin of Dragging Canoe (Tsi’yu-gunsini), a renowned Chickamauga Chief. Dragging Canoe was a staunch opponent of land cessions to the settlers and led a faction of Cherokee warriors in resistance against white encroachment. This familial connection to a figure of resistance highlights the internal divisions within the Cherokee Nation regarding how to respond to the growing European presence.
Marriages and Family Life
Nancy Ward’s personal life reflected the cultural complexities of the time. She first married Kingfisher, a Cherokee man of the Deer clan. Together, they had two children: Catherine and Fivekiller. However, their life together was tragically cut short when Kingfisher was killed at the Battle of Taliwa in 1755, a significant conflict between the Cherokee and the Creek.
Following Kingfisher’s death, Nancy Ward remarried to Briant (Bryant) Ward, an English trader. This union resulted in the birth of their daughter, Elizabeth, often called Betsy or Betty. This marriage to a European further illustrates the intercultural interactions that were becoming increasingly common in the region.
The circumstances surrounding Briant Ward’s marriage to Nancy were unconventional. He was already married to a white woman in Europe. Eventually, he returned to his European wife, leaving Nancy. During his time with the Cherokee, Briant’s son, John (Jack) Ward, from his European marriage, sought him out. John ended up remaining with the Cherokee, marrying a Cherokee woman and establishing a line of descendants who became prominent within the tribe.
Names and Titles: Reflecting a Multifaceted Identity
Nancy Ward’s various names and titles offer a glimpse into the different facets of her identity. Her early Cherokee name, Nanye-hi, meaning "One Who Goes About," is believed to be derived from the name of the mythological Spirit People of the Cherokee. As a young woman, she was also known as Tsistunagiska, which translates to "Wild Rose," evoking an image of beauty and untamed spirit.
The most significant title bestowed upon her was Ghighau, or "Beloved Woman." This honorific was granted to her after the Battle of Taliwa in 1755, where she reportedly fought alongside the male warriors. The title of Ghighau carried immense weight within the Cherokee Nation. It granted her a lifetime voice in tribal councils, allowing her to participate in decision-making processes alongside the chiefs. Furthermore, she held the power to pardon condemned captives, a testament to her authority and influence. She was also sometimes referred to as Agigaue (Agi-ga-u-e), meaning "War Woman," further solidifying her reputation as a courageous and respected figure.
Contributions and Legacy
Nancy Ward’s contributions extended beyond the battlefield and the council chambers. She is credited with introducing cows to the Cherokee people, a significant development in their agricultural practices and way of life. She was also the only Cherokee woman permitted to speak at treaty negotiations, a remarkable feat considering the patriarchal norms of the time. Her presence at these negotiations underscores her role as a negotiator and advocate for her people.
The book, Nancy Ward: Military and Genealogical Records of the Famous Indian Woman of Tennessee, written by Annie Walker Burns in 1957 and edited and annotated by Henry Matthew Ward in 2009, offers a detailed examination of her life and lineage. This work serves as an invaluable resource for those interested in Cherokee history and genealogy.
The book delves into the lives of Nancy Ward, her uncle Attacullaculla, her son-in-law General Joseph Martin, and her daughter, Elizabeth "Betty" Ward Martin. It presents extensive information on the descendants of Nancy Ward and Joseph Martin, along with references to the original sources of the material.
The book is largely composed of old letters, wills, court records, and military records, providing a fascinating glimpse into the historical period. These primary source documents offer valuable insights into the life of Nancy Ward and her descendants.
A Valuable Resource for Genealogical Research
Nancy Ward: Military and Genealogical Records of the Famous Indian Woman of Tennessee stands as a valuable resource for anyone researching the Ward family and their connections to Cherokee history. The book provides a wealth of information about Nancy Ward’s descendants and the historical context in which they lived.
While the original review noted a lack of a chapter outline, the index at the back of the book is extensive, listing approximately 1,750 individuals mentioned within its pages. This comprehensive index facilitates genealogical research by allowing readers to easily locate information about specific individuals.
The annotations by Henry Matthew Ward provide valuable context and clarification, addressing discrepancies in spellings, locations, and place names. These annotations also note instances where information in the original publication has been proven inaccurate, ensuring that readers are aware of the most up-to-date scholarship.
The book also includes a list of resources for Cherokee genealogical research, even for those not directly related to the Ward family. It lists relevant government rolls and records, providing a starting point for researchers interested in exploring Cherokee ancestry.
The book, Nancy Ward: Military and Genealogical Records of the Famous Indian Woman of Tennessee, is available in an oversized paperback format and offers a wealth of information about this important historical figure.
Conclusion
Nancy Ward’s life was a testament to her strength, intelligence, and dedication to her people. As a warrior, diplomat, and cultural ambassador, she navigated the complex and often treacherous landscape of the 18th century with remarkable skill. Her legacy continues to inspire and her story serves as a reminder of the resilience and enduring spirit of the Cherokee Nation. The Nancy Ward: Military and Genealogical Records of the Famous Indian Woman of Tennessee provides a valuable resource for understanding her life and the historical context in which she lived, ensuring that her story continues to be told for generations to come.