The Nez Perce, renowned for their crucial assistance to the Lewis & Clark expedition and their exquisite Appaloosa horses, possess a rich history and vibrant culture. This article delves into ten essential aspects of this remarkable tribe, shedding light on their history, traditions, and contemporary life. Let’s explore the fascinating world of the Nez Perce and discover why they remain a vital part of the American narrative. This tribe is important to know for a variety of reasons.
1. A Homeland Rooted in the Pacific Northwest:
The ancestral lands of the Nez Perce, also known as the Nimiipuu ("The People"), encompassed a vast territory of approximately 16 million acres. This expansive domain spanned across present-day north central Idaho, southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Montana. Within this territory, the Nez Perce thrived, their lives intricately woven with the natural rhythm of the Snake, Salmon, and Clearwater Rivers. The rivers provided sustenance, transportation, and spiritual connection, deeply influencing their culture and way of life.
The establishment of the Nez Perce Reservation in north central Idaho marked a significant turning point in their history. While initially encompassing 7.5 million acres under the Treaty of 1855, the subsequent discovery of gold led to a drastic reduction to a mere 770,000 acres. Despite this contraction, the Nez Perce Reservation remains the largest Indian reservation in Idaho, a testament to the tribe’s enduring presence.
2. Nimiipuu: Embracing Their True Identity:
The name "Nez Perce," meaning "pierced nose" in French, was bestowed upon them by French Canadian fur trappers in the 18th century. However, the tribe’s self-designated name, Nimiipuu, meaning "The People," reflects a profound sense of identity and belonging. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of Nimiipuu, signifying a renewed commitment to their heritage and cultural pride. The Nez Perce people are working hard to reclaim their identity.
3. Notable Figures: Leaders, Champions, and Pioneers:
The Nez Perce tribe has produced numerous individuals who have left an indelible mark on history and contemporary society.
- Chief Joseph: A name synonymous with leadership and resistance, Chief Joseph is celebrated for his role in the Nez Perce War of 1877. His eloquent speeches and strategic brilliance made him a symbol of Native American resilience.
- Jackson Sundown: A legendary figure in the world of rodeo, Jackson Sundown achieved the pinnacle of success when he was crowned World Champion Saddle Bronc Rider at the Pendleton Roundup in 1916. His remarkable skill and unwavering determination inspired generations of rodeo enthusiasts.
- Hattie Kauffman: A trailblazing journalist, Hattie Kauffman broke barriers and shattered stereotypes as she became a prominent face on CBS national television. Her work on Good Morning America and The Early Show brought her into contact with influential leaders from around the globe.
4. Spirituality: A Tapestry of Faiths:
The spiritual landscape of the Nez Perce tribe is rich and diverse, reflecting a harmonious blend of traditional beliefs and Christian influences.
Mary Jane Miles, an ordained Presbyterian Minister, holds a distinguished position on the tribal executive committee. Her service as minister at the First Indian Presbyterian Church, the oldest ongoing church in Idaho and the first in the United States, highlights the enduring presence of Christianity within the community. Miles recounts how the upriver Indians in the Kamiah area readily embraced Christianity, eagerly seeking out those who carried the "book" of faith.
Alongside Christianity, traditional spiritual practices, such as the Seven Drum religion (Washat), remain a vital part of Nez Perce culture. The Seven Drum religion, characterized by its emphasis on drumming, singing, and dancing, serves as a powerful expression of cultural identity and spiritual connection.
The Nez Perce people demonstrate a remarkable ability to embrace both Christianity and their traditional beliefs, fostering mutual respect and understanding among different spiritual paths.
5. Appaloosas: A Legacy of Horse Breeding Excellence:
The Nez Perce tribe holds a distinguished place in the history of horse breeding. They were among the first tribes to selectively breed horses for specific traits, resulting in the creation of the Appaloosa, a breed renowned for its distinctive spotted coat, intelligence, and athleticism. These horses were highly prized and meticulously cared for, becoming an integral part of Nez Perce life.
Lewis and Clark, upon encountering these remarkable animals, were struck by their quality, comparing them to "the best blooded horses of Virginia." The Appaloosa has since been designated the State Horse of Idaho, a fitting tribute to the Nez Perce’s contribution to equine history.
Jake Whiteplume, the Horse Coordinator for the tribe, is committed to preserving the legacy of Appaloosa breeding excellence. He emphasizes the importance of adhering to the highly selective breeding practices that have defined the Nez Perce’s horsemanship for generations.
6. Education: A Cornerstone of Progress:
The Nez Perce tribe places a high premium on education, recognizing its transformative power to uplift individuals, families, and the entire community.
Vice Chairman Bill Picard underscores the tribe’s unwavering commitment to education, stating, "Education is a priority with our tribe." He highlights the significant achievements that have been made possible through education, emphasizing its crucial role in empowering tribal members to pursue their dreams and contribute to the betterment of society.
The Nez Perce tribe now boasts a diverse array of professionals, including doctors, lawyers, directors, managers, and executives, all of whom are enrolled Nez Perce members. Picard expresses immense pride in these individuals, acknowledging their dedication and accomplishments.
7. The Lewis & Clark Expedition: A Complex Encounter:
The Nez Perce Tribe played a pivotal role in the success of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. The expedition spent more time with the Nez Perce than any other tribe. The Nez Perce extended vital assistance to the explorers, saving them from potential disaster on multiple occasions.
Allen Pinkham, a tribal elder and historian, co-authored a book titled Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce: Strangers in the Land of the Nimiipuu, offering a unique perspective on this historical encounter. Pinkham reveals that the Nez Perce were aware of the expedition’s arrival through intertribal communication networks.
According to Pinkham, the Nez Perce faced a critical decision: whether to kill the explorers or treat them with kindness. Ultimately, they chose the latter, recognizing that killing one explorer would only lead to the arrival of many more.
Pinkham emphasizes the importance of understanding the Nez Perce perspective on the Lewis & Clark Expedition, highlighting that the story is often told solely from the viewpoint of the United States. The Nez Perce version, he asserts, would focus on the expedition’s impact on their land and way of life.
8. Holistic Wellness: Nurturing Body, Mind, and Spirit:
The Nez Perce tribe is committed to promoting the holistic well-being of its members, recognizing the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and spiritual health.
Jackie McArthur, Manager of Social Services, emphasizes the tribe’s focus on youth and elders, noting that funding in these areas significantly exceeds state and federal levels.
A key component of their wellness approach is the creation of a wellness model and service instrument that utilizes visual mapping to identify and address individual needs. This interactive tool helps individuals articulate their needs in areas such as medical care, transportation, and spirituality, while also highlighting their strengths and support networks.
By providing a comprehensive understanding of individual needs and resources, providers can effectively tailor their services and foster a supportive environment.
9. The Nez Perce War: A Legacy of Resilience and Remembrance:
The Nez Perce War of 1877 stands as a pivotal moment in the tribe’s history. The war is well documented, how the tribe traveled from their homeland, across Montana and then north nearly to Canada, before their surrender. The tribe’s valiant resistance against the U.S. Army, spanning over 1,600 miles, is a testament to their courage and determination.
Wilfred Scott recounts the annual memorials that commemorate the war, which began in 1977 on the 100th anniversary of the surrender. These gatherings provide a space for reflection, remembrance, and healing.
The memorials often involve horse processions and pipe ceremonies, creating a solemn atmosphere of respect. Attendees are encouraged to share their stories and experiences, often recounting encounters with unexplained phenomena on the battlefields.
These memorials have fostered a renewed interest in family history, prompting many Nez Perce members to delve into their ancestry and understand their ancestors’ roles in the war. The tribe has visited 17 different sites associated with the war, including locations in Canada, Kansas, and Oklahoma, solidifying their connection to this important chapter in their history.
10. Economic Development: Building a Sustainable Future:
The Nez Perce tribe is actively engaged in economic development initiatives that aim to create jobs, generate revenue, and improve the quality of life for its members.
Joe Pakootas highlights the significance of the Nez Perce Historic Trail as a major tourism attraction. This trail follows the route taken during the Nez Perce War, from Wallowa Lake in Oregon to the Bear Paw Battlefield in Montana, offering visitors a glimpse into the tribe’s history and culture.
Lilly Kauffman describes the recent renovation and expansion of the Clearwater Casino and Lodge, which now features 700 gaming machines and an event center capable of accommodating 1,500 people. The facility also includes a cultural walk with a statue of Chief Joseph and exhibits of traditional arts on loan from the Nez Perce National Historical Park.
Furthermore, the tribe is developing a business park that will provide space for industrial and commercial enterprises, creating a diverse workforce and stimulating economic growth.
The Nez Perce tribe contributes significantly to the regional economy. A study by a University of Idaho economist revealed that the tribe is consistently among the top three employers in Region 2.
In 2013, the tribe contributed nearly $195 million to the state economy, including multiplier effects, and paid almost $10 million in taxes. These figures demonstrate the tribe’s substantial economic impact and its role as a key driver of community prosperity.
These ten aspects provide a glimpse into the multifaceted world of the Nez Perce Tribe. From their rich history and spiritual traditions to their commitment to education and economic development, the Nez Perce continue to shape their destiny while preserving their cultural heritage. Understanding their story is essential for appreciating the diversity and resilience of Native American cultures in the United States.